Attributes Of Customer Satisfaction In Hotels

Attributes Of Customer Satis particularion In HotelsRelationship amongst node delight and hotel allots, such as assistant or facilities, will impact the preference of aboutone in choosing a hotel. Research in hotel natural selection criteria has foc occasiond on the relationship among guest enjoyment and supporter pure tone or benefits and facilities. Whether or non they puzzle fatherd or it is their first time staying in a certain hotel, the hotel products characteristics which be non ain, insepar open, variable and perishable can prep ar a perception to the potential clients as hale as mind-set which may go aways in future patronage (Parusaraman et al., 1985 Bitner, 1990). The attributes, features or benefits of the hotel consumer products can instanter influence potential consumers to train a certain hotel to stay which acts as determinant attributes. The chance to acquire potential guests increased when on that point is a attribute that is unalike w ith the competitors (Alpert, 1971 Kivela, 1996).Wuest et al, (1996) mentioned that travellers satisfaction can be increased by renovation qualities and facilities given that match their perceptions of hotel attributes. Moreover, on that point rush been enquiryes on involve and characteristics of travellers. Many look forers produce found that travellers check the cleanliness, location, live rate, master lawsuit, certification and re giveation of the hotel (Lewis, 1984 1985 Atkinson, 1988 Cardotte and Turgeonm, 1988 Wilkinsky and Buttle, 1988 Burton, 1990 Rivers et al., 1991 Ananth et al., 1992 Marshall, 1993 McCleary et al., 1993 Clow et al., 1994 Clow et al., 1994). Atkinson (1998) findings showed that first of all the client will consider cleanliness of the hotel as the or so primal function, security comes into second, followed by the value for money and decision but non least is the service pure tone provided buy the lag such as helpfulness, sincerity and co urtesy. This is strengthened by a research that mentioned travellers really take personal service, physical attributes of the hotel, standard of service, image and worth for money into their consideration (Wilensky and Buttle, 1998).The results of Rivers et al (1991) study in examining factors repairing hotel selection for members and non-members in a hotel showed that convenience of location is the most serious thing aft(prenominal) service. Moreover, Ananth et al (1992) research asked 510 travelers to list down 57 hotel attributes in choosing a hotel. The result was price and tincture was the priority in selecting a hotel regardless the age of the guests, security and convenience of location come in their mind after price and note. Furthermore, on that point be five hotel factors that extract and signaling hotels image to the guests which argon physical environment, identity of hotel, mental faculty, service bore and accessibility (LeBlanc and Nguyen, 1996). They also suggested bluelighting the environmental factors in hotel marketing efforts in locate to attract potential guests.Attributes of Customer Satisfaction in Hotels concord to Wilkins et al (2007), nodes be in possession of sensed value of the attributes to judge the hotel service prime(prenominal) during their stay in a hotel and Ekinci et al (2008) found that physical and service qualities of a hotel play important role on customer satisfaction. The criteria or factors neartimes are related to intangibility of service, tangibility of physical fundamentals and factor of value for money for instance, are more complicated to be determined (Mohsin and Lockyer, 2010).Normally, service or customer service are related to intangible asset elements of a hotel as well as understanding the course of instruction of hotel management, guarantee and the ease of transaction transactions during a hotel stay. These kind of intangible elements in a hotel are as well received by restaurant cu stomers. While the tangible elements are normally associated with the physical facilities or attributes of the hotel, the accessibility and quality of facilities provided in a hotel, for instance facilities in the means itself (for example air conditioner, coffee machine and towels or bathrobe) as well as facilities in the entire hotel (for example swimming pool and seaworthiness facilities).The employees physical appearance (for example uniform), the cleanliness of the public area of the hotel (for example dormitory and corridor) as well as the cleanliness of the room itself are also take on in physical factors of the hotel. If the hotel owns a restaurant in the hotel itself, the cleanliness of the area and the victuals quality of the restaurant are also part of physical attribute that affect guests perceptiveness of the hotel (Han et al., 2009 Wu and Liang, 2009).Customers use a variety of attributes to judge the quality of service that they receiveduring their stay in a hot el (Wilkins et al., 2007). Both physical and service qualities ofa hotel have positive impact on customer satisfaction (Ekinci et al., 2008). Some of these criteria or factors are related to the intangible service elements, some are related to the tangible physical elements, charm some other factors for instance value for money are more involved to define (Mohsin and Lockyer, 2010). The intangible elements are basically service related customer service, understanding and caring on the part of hotel management, assurance, and the relative convenience of dealing with transactions turn staying in a hotel. This will also include the service that the customer receives at the restaurant, if any, in the hotel.The tangible elements are essentially related to the physical facilities the availability and quality of various facilities in the room (e.g. coffee facilities and bathrobe) and in the entire hotel (e.g. swimming pool and gym). The physical appearance of hotel personnel, the cl eanliness of the room as well as the entire hotel will also be included in the physical elements. If the hotel has its own restaurant for use by the guests, the cleanliness of the restaurant and quality of food are also some of the physical elements customers use to judge the quality of a hotel (Han et al., 2009 Wu and Liang, 2009).Claver et al (2006) and Holverson and Revaz (2006) found that The intangible and tangible factors have been recognized to be able to win thoroughly feedback or may result in ailment from the hotel guest, however, the ability of the intangible and tangible factors to affect guests experience are different from one to another. The study of which factors or attributes that will increase the possibility of getting bully feedback or factors that might result in complaints are important for the management of the hotel in order to enhance the customer satisfaction and to train customer loyalty to their hotel.Moreover, Cadotte and Turgeon (1988) classified service attributes into four main factors or categories which are diminutives satisfiers dissatisfies and neutrals. Critical attributes are the attributes that normally contribute eminent possibilities for good feedback of the performance and at the equivalent time provide high possibilities for complaints of brusque performance. Cadotte and Turgeon (1988) found that rooms quietness in a hotel and the food quality in a restaurant are normally categorized in critical attributes. The critical attributes provide both an opportunity as well as a threat to the management. If the managers are able to identify the critical attributes of their establishment, they could overcome the threat and pee it into an opportunity to perform better in the future.Furthermore, according to them, satisfiers are in a category whereby unusual idol performance by the staff results in compliments from the guests while if the staff perform below the par performance, there will be no complain from the gu ests. For example hotel lobbies or the portions of food in a restaurant.Silverman and Grover (1995) have categorized hotel service attributes using the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) scheme. The categorization is according to indispensable, delectable and passive in order to describe the attributes ability in influencing the guests perceptions of quality that results in customers loyalty. They mentioned that in order for the guest to judge the hotel has a high quality service, necessary attributes must be performed or functioned properly. Whereby, delectable attributes put a base of quality perceptions that the quality is good but, desirable attributes might tend to reduce the quality perception of a guest, however, the judgement is not to the point whereby the service quality is poor.Moreover, by using the same theory which is Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) theory, a framework has been found to identify the level of grandeur of perceived value of six hotels attri butes that affect business and empty guests to choose their hotel selection in Hong Kong. Recently, there was a research using the same IPA framework that identifies the behaviour of luxury hotel customer. The researcher (Mohsing and Lockyer, 2010) found that luxury hotel customers are associated with value for money of the hotel which is considered as high importance for the luxury hotel customers. In addition, room furnishings or physical quality of the hotel and rapid response of the hotels taciturnity system play an important role as well.By trust the ideas from Cadotte and Turgeon (1988) and Silverman and Grover (1995), Hartline et al (2003) classified the performance of hotel service in hotels as necessary, desirable or neutral. The survey found that, in order to guarantee the good perceptions of quality in a hotel, the front desk staff performance is the necessary factor that affects guest experience. The research has also found that the availability of place lot in the h otel and the housekeeping staff performance are considered as desirable factor, whereas the room service performance and concierge or known as bell man were considered as neutral factor that affect customer satisfaction.Last but not least, works of Ingram (1996) which were cited in Briggs et al (2007) mentioned that there are 2 types of hotel management independent vs chain hotel) and assumed that high service quality are mostly provided and emphasized by hotels which are part of a chain hotel than an independent hotel. However, that assumption was not correlate to the findings which were obtained using questionnaire survey data. The findings showed that there is no significant difference in customer service ratings of routineal attributes in a hotel (for example good will of staff, standards practiced, personalized service and tangibles factors of hotel).In conclusion, hotel attributes of customer satisfaction in hotels are related to intangibility of service and tangibility of physical factors (Mohsin and Lockyer, 2010). jibe to Han et al (2009) and Wu and Liang (2009), the tangible elements are related with physical factors of the hotel, for example, design of hotel, staff appearance, cleanliness, etc while the intangible factors are related to customer service. Both tangible and intangible aspects of hotel are important to win compliments from the guests or may result in complain from the guests (Claver et al., 2006 Holverson and Revaz, 2006). While there are many methods in determining the hotel attributes, it has been found that rooms quietness and food quality in restaurant as well as hotel are categorized as critical factors that affect customer satisfaction (Cadotte and Turgeon, 1988) and also front desk staff performance (Hartline et al, 2003).Hotels Attributes Preferred by Leisure and Business Hotel GuestsAs most of hotel guest are mainly consists of leisure and business guests, there have been researches on the attributes affect leisure and bu siness guests. Hotels generally meet the involve of both business and leisure guests.There were an attempts to understand the preferences of both leisure and business guests. Past study by Clow et al (1994) McCleary et al (1993) Yavas and Babakus (2005) have shown that the most important attributes considered by business guests are cleanliness and location of the hotel while determining in which hotel they should stay. While in the same research, It has been found that security, personal interaction or service and pricing (room rates) are considered as study attributes in leisure guests hotel selection.There was a research by Yavas and Babakus (2005) that examined whether the preferences of hotel attributes are equivalent between business and leisure guests. Their research discovered that availability of general amenities is the highest priority for both business and leisure guests. However, after general amenities, the near attributes are different between them. Business guests next ranked attributes were convenience, core service, room amenities and ambience accordingly, whereby, the order of preferred attributes of leisure guests were core service, convenience, ambience and room amenities which mean that there were no significant in preferred attributes by both type of guests.Another research has found that guest perceived prices and guest perceived quality of hotels public areas were important in determining the ratings and return role for both leisure and business guests. However, the findings showed that the impact or the effect of perceived quality and price of both type of guests were different. The quality of hotels room was the most factor affecting return use and ratings for business guests but it was not significant in determining the behaviour or return intention of leisure guests.Customer Satisfaction in Service Industrydetermine customer satisfaction is essential in order to delivery cost-efficient and effective service. The idea involves reasonable and emotional work ones (Churchill and Suprenant, 1996 Gundersen, Heigh and Olson, 1996). According to numerous studies, customer satisfaction can be described as evaluative post-consumption judgement by customers before purchasing a product or service. Oliver (1980) outlined customer satisfaction as a result of a process that evaluate the pre-purchase service expectation of customers with the perceptions of service performance while experiencing as well as after experiencing the service or consumption.There has been varieties of researches that were employ to investigate the satisfaction determinants. Barsky (1995) categorized the customer satisfaction as followed expectations, consumer preferences and consumer satisfaction. Moreover, there was a finding that found atmosphere, availability, location, flexibility and communications between customers and service providers are the factors that may affect customer satisfaction (Choi and Chu, 2001). Zeithaml and Blittner (2003) explained that the customer satisfaction determinants are products and service characteristics, emotions of customers, success or failure of service attributes, achromasia or equity perceptions, family members and friends or other consumers.In hospitality industry, there have been several researches regarding attributes that customers seek in a hotel that are important to their satisfaction in a hotel stay. Based on Atkinson (1988) Barsky and Labagh (1992) Choi and Chu (2001) studies, it has been found that the most important attributes a customer seeks are staff service quality and friendliness, the location of the hotel, the cleanliness and comfort of room and security. He also mentioned that those factors are the factors that affect customer satisfaction in a hotel stay.Even though researches have never clarified the connection between customer satisfaction and service quality, but Churchill and Surprenant (1982) Oliver (1997) Oh (1999) Zeithaml and Bitner (2003) rese arches acknowledged that one of the key triggers to enhance customer satisfaction is service quality.Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1988) argued that the gap between customer satisfaction and customer perceptions of a certain service is the most common comparison that customers make to determine whether they are satisfied or not. Therefore, according to Fornell (1992), in order to achieve customer satisfaction in service industry or hotel, service providers should meet the point of expectation or surpass beyond the guests expectation and perform an exceptional high quality service forever as studies of customer satisfaction could affect the business results of a company. Whether the customer satisfaction is affecting the business directly or indirectly, it is understood that, customer satisfaction has an effect to a business future profits and customer satisfaction is touted as one of the most important indicators to improve and gain more profits in the future. Those statements f rom Fornell (1992) are strengthened by a research that found there is a significant correlation between customer satisfaction and business profitability in a hotel (Anderson et al., 1994 Yeung et al., 2002 Luo and Homburg, 2007). Moreover,Sderlund (1998) Dimitriades (2006) Faullant et al (2008) also mentioned that customer satisfaction may lead to the stretch out of a good word of mouth, behaviour as well as the customer repurchase intentions of the hotels service or facilities.Last but not least, the reasons why firms attempt to obtain and maintain customer satisfaction is the fact that attracting new customers is much more expensive than keeping the old ones (Markovi et al, 2010)Factors alter Customer Satisfaction Towards Guest Experience in Hotel StayAccording to Clowe et al (1994), McCleary et al (1993) and Yavas and Babakus (2005), there are 6 factors affecting guests experience in a hotel stay. The factors are customer service, cleanliness, facilities, price, food, and locat ion which will be described one by one below.(1) Customer service ascribable to the direct communication or interaction between tourists and hotel staff, to maintain the quality service of a hotel is very important in order to constitute customer satisfaction. The statement is strengthened by numerous studies that argued service positioning provided by the staff has a critical effect in affecting customer satisfaction (Tas, 1983 Larsen and Bastiansen, 1991 Jaworski and Kohli, 1993 Heskett and Schlesinger, 1994 Bach and Milman, 1996 Mayo and Collegain, 1997McColl-Kennedy and White, 1997 Kriegl, 2000). Moreover, there is a research that found employee service attitude is vital in successfulness of hotel operation (Guller, 1985). It has also been confirmed that there is a relationship that exists between customer satisfaction and service quality and attitude that are provided by the employee (Tornow and Wiley, 1991).From the probe of hotel attributes affecting customer satisfaction in hospitality industry, researches have suggested the hotel to consider or to maintain the cleanliness of hotel, rooms, service quality and staff behaviour, location, security as well as the goodwill of the hotel brand name or hotel chain, as those factors are considered important for hotel guests (Cadotte and Turgeon,1988 Atkinson, 1988 Barsky and Labagh, 1992 Ananth et al., 1992 Verespej, 1994 Worcester, 1999 Dube and Renaghan, 2000 Choi and Chu, 2001)

Thomas Aquinas Impact On Western Thought Through Time Philosophy Essay

doubting doubting doubting Thomas doubting Thomas Impact On Hesperian Thought Through sequence Philosophy EssaySt. Thomas doubting Thomas was an Italian philosopher and theologian animate between 1225 -1274 of the medieval period. Aquinas began his education at Montecassino, a monastery which became his starting time battle site. Thomas was later transferred to the University of Naples in France this is where he came into contact with a sorely found mendicant order of Preachers or Dominicans, and Aristotles philosophy. Aquinas became a Dominican, against the will of his family and eventually went to Paris to study, before going to Cologne with Albert the Great, a philosopher whose interest in Aristotle reinforced Aquinass own predilections1. Aquinas was a unpolluted proponent of the born(p) godliness at the onset of European Scholasticism, and is regarded as the founder of the Thomism school of philosophy and theology. Aquinass philosophy significantly influenced subsequent Christian theology, particularly that of the Roman Catholic church building, as well as western sandwich philosophy in general. Thomass some significant and enduring works complicate the Summa Theologica2, an article that systematically expounds his mysticism of the quinquae viae and the Summa Contra Gentiles.Aquinas was well cognise for his role to Christian theology, but he was similarly a unmingled wayfaring as well as an Empiricist, and he significantly influenced these two ideas of Western survey. Aquinas believed that truth is well revealed through and through both natural manifestation and occult arts revelation-through faith as in the scripture, for these two elements, Aquinas was sure enough to separate them in a complementary rather than strange manner. He argued that, although graven images public and His attributes whitethorn be easily deduced, specific aspects much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Trinity and Incarnation whitethorn only be revealed through s pecial revelation. As mentioned above, His two outstanding works argon the Summa Contra Gentiles translated and produce in English as the On the Truth of the Catholic Faith, and the Summa Theologica known as the Compendium of Theology. The former piece was broadly intended for non-Christians musical composition the latter significantly addresses Christians and is more(prenominal) of a philosophical work on Christian theology.Aquinas utilized scriptures and traditions of the Catholic Church as the birthday suit material data of his theology. He believed that these materials were produced by matinee idols revelation to graciouss throughout history. In addition, faith and reason atomic number 18 the two fundamental tools, which atomic number 18 necessary for processing and interpreting this raw data of theology with an gallery of obtaining the confessedly knowledge of graven image. Aquinas blends Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology to argue that matinee idol rev eals himself to clements through character. This implies that Gods nature can be studied through rational thinking as well as though the study of nature3.Aquinas proposed five statements regarding Gods divine qualities from his classical consideration of what God is non. This include God is simple, He is devoid of study or form or even body and soul God is perfect, deficient of nothing God is infinite, He is unlimited as He created all things, but humans are limited earthly concern, physically, rationally, and emotionally God is immutable, inept of change with regard to His in nature and character and God is one, His essence is the same as His existence. Aquinas also pioneered the Principle of ikon Effect when it comes to ethical decisions. harmonize to this principle, when an otherwisewise justifiable act such as self-defense is likely to cause an effect, then one may basically be obliged to avoid it for example if it results to the death of well-nigh other4.Modern philoso phy is a reaction in favor or against Aquinass viewsAs outlined above, Thomas Aquinas has shaped modern solid grounds philosophy especially when it comes to theology and ethical philosophy. At large, modern worlds philosophy began in the sixteenth century but nobodys system of philosophy has entirely corresponded to everybodys intuition of certainty bit to what, if set aside for mens perception, common men may not agree on what is common sense. Against all this, St. Thomass philosophy distinctively stands based on the universal common conviction that supports brotherhood of men, in their common consciousness that, all things attested by the ability of the senses heighten from God5.Rene Descartess assembly lineRene Descartes is regarded as the Father of Modern Philosophy. Descartess system of thought depicts a major break away from all previous philosophical systems, mainly, away from Aristotle and Aquinas philosophy. For example, unlike Aquinas, a proponent for the tabula rasa model of the human straits (At birth, the human mind resembles a blank recording thingmajig and as one grows it records data from sensory experience), Descartes posited that human beings are natural with innate thoughts and ideas, these ideas exist in their minds even at birth6. Further, Thomas Aquinas argued that if humans had innate ideas of Gods existence, then proof of His existence would be inappropriate and faith would be irrelevant as human beings would arrest direct knowledge and experience of Gods essence and nature. Thus, Descartes was trying to offer the world a philosophy which he thought was compatible with both the new world of science and the convention of Christian faith. However, his philosophy was hideous to the Church. As a result, in the same way the Roman Catholic Church had condemned Galileo in 1633, thirty years later, it added Descartes work on its Index of veto reading material.John Lockes affirmationJohn Locke, an advanced philosopher of the seventeen th-century, effectively presents his argument against Descartes innate ideas, in a manner that is similar to that of Aquinas. Locke criticize Descartes title that God must exist based on Descartes idea of God in his mind even though he (Descartes) has disconnected his mind from his senses. Locke argued that, holding such a claim is the same as believe that millions of gods must exist just because millions of different minds have ideas of millions of different gods.However, Locke use Descartes argument that in order to have a clear and distinctive idea of something one must have a clear disposition of that which they are having an idea about. Locke uses scripture to argue that in the Bible, no other doctrine clearly distinguishes a believer from an unbeliever except the belief that, saviour is the Messiah, and He (Jesus), is able to save everyone who formed this belief with no requirement of other beliefs whatsoever7.Immanuel Kant argumentFrom research, it is clear that St. Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant were born almost half a millennium apart and, on the exterior, the styles of argumentation of the two philosopher and their broad approaches to philosophy emerge as being equally distinct from each other nevertheless, both philosophers aimed to congeal the all important(p) knowledge of God. Kants metaphysics legitimately attempted to develop a kind of diminutive science that would guarantee the truth of knowledge. Similarly, Aquinas succeeded in arguing that some of the worlds most closely held beliefs can be justified in the turn tail of rational thinking exclusively, he tried to generate a wide-ranging argument in favor of the Gods existence, which supports the most central doctrines of the Catholic Church. comparison Thomas Aquinas to Kent, one can argue that Thomas was more ensconced in the conventional hierarchy of the Catholic Church and interpretations of Gods existence than Immanuel Kant. Thomas main focus was placed upon the issues and concer ns regarding the relationship between God and man, in as well as the relationship between God and the natural world. Basically, he aimed at investigating the various aspects of the world that casts doubt to the existence of God, and as a result, why Gods existence is questioned so often. Ultimately, Aquinas literary productions would then be adopted as the accepted books of theology for the Catholic Church, and consequently, would strongly possess a kind of stigma for either those who were not Christians or not Catholics, especially afterward the protestant reorganization. Indisputably, in as much as, Aquinas arguments were definitely rational. This implies that, he purposed to draw an abstract of claims regarding the nature of God and mankind by examining physical anomalies. This distinguished him strongly from most of the modern philosophers, particularly with regard to the fact that he supposed that true faith required rational investigation however, it made him similar to Imma nuel Kant, who also believed that faith in God and salvation require critical analysis.Aquinass squeeze on the Catholic Churchs philosophyAquinas believed that Gods existence is neither manifestly obvious nor is it beyond proof. In the Summa Theologica, Aquinas outlines five rational proofs (quinquae viae) for the existence of God, these includeGod is an un move mover (ex motu), as everything that is moved is moved by God, the source of all motion.God is the cause of all things this is argued though the argument of the first cause (ex causa), where everything that is caused is caused by God.Through the argument from contingency, Aquinas argues that Gods existence is not contingent of any other being. But the founding contains contingent beings as something cannot come of nothing.God is the pinnacle of perfection it is from this lesser degrees of perfection derive their meaning. This is outlined in the argument from degree.The final argument is the teleological argument, also know n as the argument from design (ex fine). According to this argument, all natural bodies in the world are in themselves unintelligent, and are guided by God to act towards ends rationally.Aquinas understood that Jesus Christ was ultimately divine and He (Jesus Christ) is not simply a human being or merely God in humanly inhabiting the body of Christ. Nonetheless, Aquinas posited that Christ also had a justly heavy human soul, resulting in a duality of natures that endured even after Incarnation. In essence, these two natures existed concurrently yet distinctively in a virtuoso existent human body.Aquinas is also credited for defining the quartet cardinal virtues prudence, temperance, justice and fortitude. For these values, Aquinas held that they are revealed by nature and are and necessary for everyone. Further, he highlighted three theological virtues faith, hope and charity, which are the chiefest, supernatural and distinctive from other virtues as their object is God. Furthermo re, Aquinas distinguished quadruplet kinds of law natural law-discovered by reason, eternal law- Gods decree that governs all creation), human law-natural law as applied by governments and institutions and divine law-this is specifically revealed in the scriptures8.According to St. Thomas Aquinas, the ultimate goal of human existence is to acknowledge eternal union and fellowship with God. He believes in life after death for those who have experienced Christs salvation and redemption while backing on earth. The Incarnation is an adorable vision which will be disposed(p) to Christians as a perfect and everlasting happiness through arrest of the very quintessence of God. Thus, during an individuals existence on the earth, their life must be inclined toward right things such as peace, holiness and charity.

Drug Addiction In Pakistan Youths

dose Addiction In Pakistan Youths medicine dependency is a state of day-by-day or constant intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a medicate. Its characteristics include Uncontrollable desire to continue fetching the doses, a tilt to increase the dose later on interval of succession, a mental and corporal dependence on medicines, forcefulnesss of medicines on several(prenominal) and society. dose habituation is an abnormal condition which arises repayable to frequent do medicates ingestion. The disorder of addiction involves the progression of mass medium do do mediciness enforce to the education of do do drugss-seeking manner, the openness to regrets and the reduced, s miserableed ability to respond to natur everyy rewarding stimuli.Drug addiction is fundamentally a chronic disease affecting the brain, heart and some other split of body. Youngster start taking drugs at their teen terms and the root spirit of addiction to drugs is g ag e. Drugs affect different people in different ways. virtuoso person support take and ab mapping drugs, yet never ex decenniumd addicted, while another merely has one experience and is immediately hooked. It suffer be said that dugs addiction is just a state of mind. Drug addiction is often everywhereshadowed by galore(postnominal) of the countrys other human culture problems, such as poverty, illiteracy, and wishing of aw atomic number 18ness and basic wellness sustentation center. But the fact is that drug addiction is rapidly growing among the juvenility of Pakistan.Drug addiction is a complex brain disease. It is characterized by compulsive, at time uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking and expend that persist even in the appear of extremely negative consequences. Drug seeking becomes compulsive, in boastfully break down as a result of the effect of prolonged drug use on brain functioning and withal on manner. For many people, drugs addiction becomes chronic, wit h relapses potential even after long period of abstinence.I chose this topic because I think it is necessary for directlys society which is taken over by the curse of drugs, mostly High School and university students be involve in it. It the chief(prenominal) reason, today early days is distracted from their ambitions, and due to it today Pakistan, even after 63 old age of independence, is 3rd world country. single of the reasons is that some people who want to quit but due to the lack of health c atomic number 18 centre, they argon unable to quit. Some people too involve in illegal activities to take drugs because they be not financially strong. This dissect forget help us analyze the effects of drug addiction and testament help us find better alternatives.Drug addiction is a state in which the body feel retard and comfortable. Drug addiction among freshsters is change magnitude day by day, which project a very negative effect on our society.Review of LiteratureTh is believe help us to control that individual who are addicted to drugs are viewed negatively overall in the society. This look for indicate that negative strength are clear among young generation and it piecemeal increase with the age, so that the literature review indicate that level and accuracy of knowledge approximately mental illness increase from childhood through adolescence, negative location in youth in addition raise with the passage of time. On the other hand, adolescence is often accompanied by peer compact or by other recourses. According to the film, it is also ground that current users Marijuana says that it is slight dangerous than other drugs. The hire charge that drug addiction is found in males as well as females and this trend is gradually increasing specially in females, and it is also submitn in the guide that trend of drugs among teenage is also increasing in urban and rural cultivates. Results target that age-stigma connexion is quite in reliant of sex and re inclinence. It also shows one of a divisor that who are addicted to drugs are due to their close friends or you can say due to bad company.This study shows the reasons and causes by which teenagers are do toward drugs. It show that who use drugs on a regular or now and again are strongly supportive by personal choice due to lack of concentration from their parents and for enjoyment with their friends to eliminate their boredom. The reasons which are not victimization drugs in this study include lack of interest and fear from drugs and also from their parents and opposite reaction of their elders. The main purpose of this study is to emphasize the implication of parents in this regard. This search show the fact that increasing majority of children describe employ drugs because they enjoyed them or they were bored and they want themselves to remain busy in some other alternative activities. The use of illegal drugs in children and teenagers are gradually increasing day by day. Result of this study showed that the main reason by which youth is motivating toward drugs is due to the peer pressure and their friends which were pertain in such illegal activities. The other aspect to steer this search was to finds the reasons that why some children do not use drugs. The first reason was lack of interest in the effects of drugs. Other main reasons include fear of immediate effect of substance, fear of physical and mental harm and fear of becoming addicted to drugs. The finding and conclusion of this study is to get the reasons behind drug related decision especially in children and teenagers. Both who use drugs and who do not give lot of news report and reasons. Children who do not use drugs reported that they are not confused in drugs are due to lack of interest in this activity, worries rough the cost of acquiring caught by police or their parents.As we all know the health hazards of dope. Everyone is familiar from this fact but this curse is rapidly increasing among youngster. The main objective of this study is to investigate the signs of tobacco plant plant use, take as well as snuffing, at the age when most of the young generation is diverted toward this curse. In this study, it is found that now a day, smoking is becoming very common in girls as well. Sweden has the highest frequency of smoking all over the world. It is found in the study that frequency of snuffing among teenagers has amplified since the archaeozoic 1970s, whereas the graph of smoking has reduced slightly during last decade. The purpose of this investigate is to explore teenagers thinking of tobacco use, their shared ideas and images, how these design are reflected in their report about their own and other people tobacco use and also the ways understandings of tobacco use are related to the teenagers suppuration of a gender identity. It is found in the study that smoking butt end offered males as well as females a short break from their routine routine and strains of family life. According to teenagers, smoking will ultimately lead to the break-down of the integral body. They also explain that invisible process inside the body, when smoking, will gradually be visible on the outside of the body. This research shows that youngsters think that snuffing has a positive effect as they increase their sports performance. But the fact is something else. hummer and snuffing is just a mind satisfaction activity, as it affects lung and heart. On the other hand, it also affect externally like u see that the assumption of lip and teethes and even the color of face of smokers are also changed after a period of time. Some people are attracted to danger, and want to face risk, which is one of the reasons for them to start smoking. In addition, it is examined in the study that tobacco use is basically based on human nature. Smoking is a part of teenage lifestyle, such as being together with friends for hangout, partie s etc. It is think from the analysis that now a age, new generation is well conscious from all illegal activities such as, smoking, snuffing, drinking etc.This research penning shows the planned use of prescription drugs of intoxicating properties other than physicians description of limited drugs for intoxicating means or for bona fide medical condition, which is dangerous for human health. query shows the rapidly increasing rate of abuse of such drug among youth, especially teenager. Such type of abuse of drugs is one of the biggest and main sources of drug addiction. In 2003, approximately 15 million US citizens were involved in using of prescription drugs for its intoxicating quality. For minimizing the rate of prescription drug misuse, government is fashioning strategies to notice the early signs and effective clinical practices to prevent people from getting into it to avoid from massive problems in future.The most abundantly used drug in UK is Alcohol and teenagers us e it much(prenominal) than the limit described for health which 21 and 14 units per week for males and female respectively. Those who are new to inebriantic drinkic drink must use bellow the limit for the safe side. This study is about the relationship between excessive use of inebriant and its affect on human storage. It is identified from surveys among excessive use and low-dose user that those who use alcoholic drink in excess amount face everyday memory errors than low-dose. prodigal use of alcohol has a direct relation on memory errors and neuropsychological deficits. Alcohol is very harmful for heart, liver and other sensitive parts of human body.The finding of this study is that use of substance is highly common among stateless and passage-involved young people. Study confirmed that variables measuring psychological dysfunction and home officeless culture predicted alcohol addiction, while institutional disaffiliation and homeless culture predicted drug addicti on. Findings affirm distinct patterns of division related to alcohol compared to drug addiction. As homeless, roadway-involved young people continue to use drugs and alcohol as a strategy to cope with the various detrimental experiences associated with maintenance on the streets, the result is often further societal alienation. This study also show that engaging in criminal behaviors has been identified as an exponent of disaffiliation, especially among homeless state. Seeking drug-using friends and involvement in social ne twainrks that reinforce drug-related choices, attitudes and behaviors increases youths assimilation into homelessness culture. The purpose of this study was to determine whether domains of social estrangement are associated with homeless youths alcohol and drug addiction. Results show that specific domains of social estrangement do predict addiction, while others prevent from this activity.Purpose to conduct this study is to estimate the incidence rate of in itiation into drug guesswork and to identify predictors of initiation into drug injection separately among street girls and boys. This research show that that injected drugs are rapidly increasing day by day in street youth of northeastern America and Canada. This situation represents a evidentiary public health issue as young injection drug users are known to be the population at highest risk for human immunodeficiency virus and HCV transmittals. This is the first study to measure incidence rates of initiation into drug injection by gender among youth at risk. Observed incidence rates are similar for boys and girls, results found having no association between gender and having ever injected drugs. In a study of young Canadian offenders, more(prenominal) girls healed 16-19 injected than their male counterparts of the like age. In this study, it is noticeable that girls were more likely to report having started injection using heroin while more boys reported having used cocain e as their first drug of injection. Results show that recent heroin use and recent cocaine use respectively tripled and doubled the risk of initiation for both girls and boys.Objective of this study is to surveil social contexts and processes influencing evolution to drug injection among street youth. This study show that some combinations of street life and drug use trajectories seem to stomach to injection among street youth. This study clearly shows the pertinence of examining how drug use practices are influenced by the individuals relations with their social environments. This study is the first soft investigation of the social processes that lead street youth to adopt drug injection. One of main finding is that the manner in which drug injection inserts itself into a youths life trajectory varies depending on when youth come into converge with the street, as well as their relations with the street scene and drug use. In this respect, it should be pointed out how diverse th e trajectories of street youth are. plot of land it is not possible to state with certainty that a youth will never inject drugs, it appears that certain youth have trajectories that are more prone to injection drug use than others.This study is conducted on street youth on adolescent and young adults who spend their most time living and working on the streets. This socially and economically disadvantaged population is marked by perilous living conditions, including poverty, homelessness, and drug use. In study of homeless youth, the odds of an earlier suicide attempt were nearly quadruplet times greater among youth with an active diagnosis of depression, and nearly two times greater among youth who reported symptoms of hopelessness. In addition, depression is associated with forged behaviors, such as injection drug use and unprotected cozy intercourse that predispose youth to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV infection is itself a well recognized risk factor fo r mortality among street youth. We observed a very high frequency of depressive symptoms among street youth, with more than four in 10 street youth reporting CES-D invoice _22. The greatest number of depressive symptoms was observed among each week heroin users, followed by weekly crystal frosting users, then weekly cocaine/crack users, and finally, free-and-easy marijuana users.The research paper was on the extend to of matriarchal alcohol and illicit drug use on childrens behavior problem and the objective of this study is to use a large, national sampling of mothers and children to test for essay of casual relationship between maternal alcohol, marijuana and cocaine use and its effects on childrens health problem. This study provides some evidence that maternal substance use may be linked causally to childrens behavior problems. Although TSLS results are challenging due to the poor performance of the identifying instruments, OLS models, family fixed-effects models, and mot her-child fixed-effects models all point that maternal marijuana and cocaine use are associated with increases in 4-15-year-old childrens bits per inch scores. Maternal alcohol use, as measured by the number of days the mother used alcohol in the past month, appears to affect behavior problems. This result is sensitive, however, to the addition of maternal depression and smoking measures. Moreover, the magnitude of this effect is very small, and maternal indulge drinking had no constant impact on childrens behavior problem.This study is about the depression and participation of youth in selling and use of illicit drugs. The argument starts with the theory that drug selling and drug use augment each other, both at the individual level and at the aggregate level. For example, someone who sells drugs has relatively brazen-faced access to drugs. And, someone who uses drugs may sell to help finance his/her use. The conceptual good example postulates that a recessional would have dir ect positive effects on the prevalence of youth drug selling but enigmatic direct effects on youth drug use. The conceptual framework also postulates that drug selling and drug use are inter-connected at the individual level and the cumulative level. Thus, any effect of a recession on one would likely affect the other in the same direction. The limited empirical evidence indicates that both drug selling and drug use among youth is higher when the economy is weaker. The current economic crisis will likely increase both youth drug selling and drug use relative to what they would have otherwise been.As we all are familiar that humans are routinely exposed to a colossal array of environmental neurotoxicants, including pesticides, endocrine disrupters, and heavy metals. The long term consequences of delineation have become a major human health charge as research has indicated strong associations between neurotoxicants and a variety of dopamine-related neurologic disorders. This stud y was conducted to know the effects of environmental neurotoxicants on the dopaminergic system and the possible role in drug addiction. A large variety of studies have demonstrated that a vast assortment of environmental neurotoxicants have destructive effects on the dopaminergic system, consequently enhancing or impairing DA neurotransmission and disrupting DA-associated behaviors including motor control, motivation and attention, and potentially, vulnerability to drug addiction. Pesticides and insecticides, such as dihedron, parquet, and rotenone, tend to decrease DA activity and can lead to diseases such as PD, which are characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Studies appear to express a link between environmental neurotoxicity icon and drug addiction although much work needs to be make to further identify and characterize the underlying mechanism involved.Bupropion is an effective music in smoking cessation and has a good safety and side effect profile. The effects of bupropion on extracellular dopamine levels in the corpus striatum were investigated using raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in rats administered saline, bupropion and in healthy human volunteers administered. A cognitive task was used to pretend dopamine release in the human study. In rats, bupropion significantly decreased raclopride specific binding in the striatum, consistent with increases in extracellular dopamine concentrations. In man, no significant decreases in striatal raclopride specific binding were observed. Levels of dopamine transporter occupancy in the rat at bupropion were higher than predicted to exceed in man at the dose used. Thus, these data indicate that, at the low levels of dopamine transporter occupancy achieved in man at clinical doses, bupropion does not increase extracellular dopamine levels. These findings have all important(predicate) implications for understanding the mechanism of action underlying bupropions therapeutic effi cacy and for the development of novel treatments for addiction and depression.For a long period of time, China apply restraining drug policies to cope with drug-related problems but on the other hand, the situation of drug addiction has rapidly worsened since the early 1990s. For example, the number of registered illicit drug users in the country increased from approximately 70,000 in 1990 to 1.16 million by the end of 2005. This paper is projected to intricate on the general principles of Chinas a la mode(p) Drug Control Law from the point of view of scholars who are involved in the field of drug addiction research and treatment in China. This paper also discussed the challenges we are currently facing, based on the observations and pragmatic experiences the authors have obtained in China. It is hoped that by addressing these issues, we will be able to implement the new Drug Control Law more successfully and promise that we deal more effectively with drug addiction in China. me thodologyThis drug addiction survey is based on questionnaire from age (12 to 19) years, which is derived from 2005 roll of Ontario student drug use survey. This research is conducted through questionnaire as mentioned supra and the items of questionnaire are (1) Would you be afraid to talk or interact someone who is addicted to drugs. (2) Would you make friend someone who is addicted to drugs? (3) Would you feel broken or ashamed if your friend knew that someone in your family was addicted to drugs? In this research, Ordinary least square regression is used to oversee and examine the relationship between age, sex, urban city, individuals and peer groups. Quadratic and one-dimensional age terms are included in this model. In this methodology, age variables were center in order to reduce the correlation between the linear and quadratic polynomial term and interaction term.The data on which this study is based was imperturbable under large study of pre-teenagers and schoolchildre ns attitude and behavior toward illegal drugs and their experience. This research had both quantitative and qualitative components Data is basically collected by the survey which depends on questionnaire. Data is also gathered by interviews of individual to understand the thoughts and perception about drugs in children. Basically, the type of this study is school in Glasgow and Newcastle. The quantitative element consisted of a survey of 2382 between ten to twelve year old children in 47 schools of Glasgow.To capture teenagers concepts of tobacco use, a qualitative approach with focused group interview was conducted for this research. free radical discussion is the most useful and helpful way of sampling. The sample on which the research is conducted with 43 ninth grade students having age between 14 to 15 years old at two schools in inside(a) Stockholm. Interviews are based on eight themes those are (1) health and tobacco use, (2) the age limit of tobacco purchase, (3) school an d tobacco use, (4) media and tobacco use, (5) the esthetics of tobacco use (6) the pointless tobacco use, (7) insertion of self, peers and adults as tobacco-users, (8) presentation of self and peers who do not use tobacco. The majority of the 25 non-tobacco-users had tried smoking earlier, 12 boys and one girl had tried snuffing. Among the 18 tobacco users more girls than boys use tobacco on a quotidian basis.This research is conducted with the help of scientific questions. In this study, group discussion and interview are also conducted to read the state of minds of drug user that how these drugs affect their health and brain. Scientific questions highlights the need for research into the effects of prescription drugs on the growing brain, using both vitro and vivo models. Sample of this research is teenagers of United States.In this study, actual -groups design was adopted to compare existing groups of excessive alcohol users and low dose user. The sample on which this resear ch is conducted is the students of colleges and universities of North-East of England and each role player was tested individually at their respective college and university. Forty-five participants were identified as excessive alcohol users having 28 females, 17 males, mean age of the participants is 17 years. Sixty-three were identified as low-dose/no-alcohol users having 41 females, 22 males and mean age is 16 years. Alcohol and other drug use were assessed using inexpert Drug Use Questionnaire. Prospective memory Questionnaire (PMQ) was administered first, followed by the drug-use questionnaire and the whole scrutiny time per participant was approximately 25 minutes.Sample selected to conduct this research is three U.S. cities are Los Angeles, CA Austin, TX and St. Louis, MO. Participate in the study, had to be 18-24 years old, have spent at least 2 weeks away from home in the month before the interview, and provide written informed consent. The dependent variable for the cur rent study reflected alcohol or drug addiction as measured by the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview. Addiction to alcohol and various substances was measured by participant responses to a series of yes/no questions that identified those meeting criteria for abuse or dependence. Analyses were performed using SPSS, version 16 with statistical significance. In this study, chi-square, t-test and regression model is also used as a methodology.Data were collected using semi-annual interviewer-administered questionnaires. Variables from the following domains were considered in coxswain regression models socio-demographic characteristics, early and current substance abuse, marginalization, childhood traumatic knowledgeable events and injection exposure. The sample on which this research is conducted is some specific areas of North America, Canada, Baltimore and Thailand. In this 95% confidence intervals were based on the Poisson distribution. Unvaried and variable Cox regressio n models with time-varying covariates were used to examine predictors of initiation into drug injection.The sample for this study is 42 street youth who participated in in-depth interviews. A typology of experiences was make founded on youths street life and drug use trajectories. The transition to drug injection was examined through these experiences. This research is conducted by a qualitative study grounded in symbolic interactions, a theoretical perspective through which, to understand the evolution of human behaviors, subjects are considered as creative social actors in their world. The study sample was composed of 42 street youth aged 15-25 years. 16 participants were girls, and 26 were boys. At the time of the interview, 17 of them had never injected drugs. Of the stay 25 who had injected drugs, 8 had tried injection without pursuing it further, 8 had stop after having injected regularly, and 9 were actively injecting, 1 of whom had been doing so for less than a year. Semi-s tructured, in-depth interviews were conducted in this research plan.This study was conducted between October 2005 and November 2007, data were collected from a cohort of street recruited youth aged 14-26 residing in Vancouver, Canada, for the At-Risk Youth Study. active agent drug users were classified by predominant substance of use daily marijuana use, weekly cocaine/crack use, weekly crystal methamphetamine use, or weekly heroin use. Adjusted mean number of depressive symptoms (measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression CES-D scale) was compared among the four groups using multiple linear regressions. Logistic regression was also used to assess adjusted odds of CES-D score _22.In this research paper, the child mental health intersection function is represented empirically by Equation. BP Iijt = 0 + 1Ajt + 2Xit + 3Xjt + 4ui + 5uj + ijt. The other compare for maternal demand for substances like alochal is Ajt = 0 + 1Pt + 2Yjt + 3uj + jt.Bupropion administratio n was calculated asOccupancy SBRvehicleSBRbupropion h I =SBRvehicle 100Ten healthy participants were recruited by public advertisement (80% male 90% right handed amount age 476.7 years age range 37-58 years). Nine of the 10 subjects were nonsmokers the single participant who smoked consumed 10 cigarettes/day. None of the participants were currently taking any prescribed medication. All participants gave their written, informed consent to be included in the study.

Shaken Baby Syndrome: Treatment and Prognosis

shake pamper Syndrome word and PrognosisOjeni MardirouiTable of Contents (Jump to)Introduction diagnosis and TreatmentPrognosis of SBSRecommendationsConclusionReferencesShaken Baby Syndrome, its Treatment and what is the PrognosisIntroductionChild abuse is abroad enclosure that encompasses neglect, cozy or emotional abuse, and physical cruelty. Child abuse is rough-cut entirely over the world. Child abuse depose lead to non accidental mentality damage (NAHI) or Abuse related craniocerebral trauma. These ar injurious to the wellness of churlren. A number of children die every year due to the NAHI every over the world. In addition to this NAHI and SBS ar the most common and ghost cause of death in the children of age between 6 to 12 months. Shaken mollycoddle syndrome includes violent shaking of a child, held by consistence or extremities. The violent shaking of child causes uncontrolled abrupt walk movements which eventually lead to trivial bruise or whatever trauma . The clinical symptoms of SBS include signs of severe diffuse cerebral trauma that is subdural run, spirit disorder and retinal hemorrhage. In addition to this, some snips rib fractures or some(prenominal) combinations of metaphyseal fractures alike occur (Matschke, Herrmann, Sperhake, Krber, Bajanowski, and Glatzel, 2009). The shaking bollocks syndrome is an old juristic and medical diagnosis in the infants and adolescents. The SBS is similarly termed as abusive intellect trauma (AHT) and constitute same signs and diagnostic symptoms. Both of these traumas passel be identified with the help of their symptoms (Squier, 2011).DiscussionIt is not essential that agitate bobble syndrome is only caused by violently shaking the baby, but it good deal also be caused by hitting the transport of baby on the groin or bed or floor surface. In this way, the brain in the skull displaces from its position. With the movement of brain, the blood vessels of the brain got damaged and bl eeding occurs inside the skull, leading(a) to irreparable damage or injury. Other problems that are associated with brain injury are blindness, cerebral palsy, learning and behavior problems, hearing loss, paralysis, seizures, or death. It is also evident that no symptoms are shown on the body of the baby later shaking the baby, however, sometimes bones are broken or bruising may occur (Squier, 2011).Diagnosis and TreatmentSince in case of shaken baby syndrome, the victim is not able to identify the abuse or cannot talk about the pain and suffering, so it is gruelling to diagnose and cover the shaken baby syndrome. Generally, the parents or caretaker of the victimized baby refute any type of abuse, or they may have not seen it, at that placefore it is difficult to correlate the findings with the history of the SBS (Findley, Barnes, Moran, and Squier, 2011).It is not guaranteed that the course of treatment would fend or disapprove shaken baby syndrome. It is not necessary tha t a feature treatment or medication can treat the injury caused by SBS. Therefore, the SBS is not diagnosed easily however, it can be taken as a legal conclusion. On the other hand, it is easy for the physicians to diagnose encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhage and subdural hemorrhage from eye examinations and radiology images (Findley, Barnes, Moran, and Squier, 2011).It is also evident that the infants are soft and delicate and even a small injury can pose a threatening effect on their future lives. They are also more tolerant of increased intracranial constrict. A common cause of delay in the diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome is that the opinion of signs and symptoms of SBS in infants are not easy. This is because of the reason that the infants are in their developmental stage. Commonly, the Glasgow Coma Scale is used to measure the level of impairment in the children by the shaken baby syndrome. This scale is not reliable liberal and the results obtained from this scale are dou btful.The diagnosis of SBS is difficult however, following conditions prevailing in a child can lead the wellnesscare professionals towards the diagnosis of SBS.If a child is presenting an unbelievable signs and symptoms consistentlyIf a new adult render is present at homeIf the parents or care taker show to the lowest degree interest in seeking medical treatment for the childIf in that location is a delay in acquiring medical treatmentIf there is any previous record of child abuseIf at the time of injury, no primary caregiver was presentAlong with the above mentioned symptoms, there are also some factors that are proved to be instrumental for the healthcare professionals they include cardiovascular collapse or mysterious shock, and self-contradictory changes in neurologic status. After physically examining the affected child and after taking the history, there are some diagnostic tests that help to confirm the prevalence of SBS in child. These tests include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ophthalmologic exam, computed mental imagery (CT) scan, and x-rays. If the healthcare professional notices no evidence of increased intracranial pressure and if a subarachnoid hemorrhage is assumed, then a lumbar puncture is performed by the healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis of SBS (Squier, 2011).Prognosis of SBSThe infants who suffered from SBS, their prognosis is worse as compare to those infants who experience accidental head trauma. Depending upon the severity of the signs and symptoms presented by the victim, the treatmnet innovation of SBS is finalized. The treatmnet plan may encompass life sustaining or exigency measures as per requiremnet and prevailing condition of the affected child.In some of the cases brain surgery is recommended for the affected children, for relieving the intracranial pressure and along with this, respiratory support is also pauperizationed. There rae some children who need a short term treatment procedures, and some children who are badly affceted by the abuse, may need a long term treatmnet plan for coping up with the condition. The treatmnet plan may include occupational and physical therapy, special education and talking to therapy. One third of the survivors of SBS may experience adverse conditions and disabilities, like deprivation of ability to walk, sit, or breathe. Most of the survivors undergo a vegetative state, and suffer nonresponsive throughout their lives. However, some survivors suffer from behavioral and learning problems, seizures, blindness, and other disabilities in their upcoming future (Matschke, Herrmann, Sperhake, Krber, Bajanowski, and Glatzel, 2009).RecommendationsEducation is the best practice that can lead to prohibition of shaken baby syndrome. The most significant hindrance that nurses can take is the provision of education to the parent/caregiver, instead of assisting in life saving measures. Therefore the prime responsibility of nurses is to educate the lar ge number so that such syndromes can be avoided.On the other hand, parents should be educated about the effective measures that can be taken to prevent SBS. Despite the fact that the newborn babies name a lot, however, the behavior of the parents should allay and cool towards their new born child. If the baby continuously cries, then the parents should hand sure that any signs of illness are prevailing or not, or make sure if the child is hungry and needs to be burped. If parents fishy any sort of injury or illness in the youthful children, they should immediately consult a doctor (Centers for Disease wangle and taproom, CDC, 2012).The parents should hit that it is not the fault of baby neither parents, if the baby continuously cries or if the parents are unable to calm their babies. All the normal and healthy babies cry a lot after their birth and till they become mature. The national Center for Shaken Baby Syndrome (NCSBS) has recommended the use of a special technique c alled, PURPLE. It stands forPeak Pattern for about two months the crying increases then it step by step decreasesUnpredictable a child may cry for long detail of time without any reasonResistant to Soothing child may cry for an indefinite periodPain-like Look on Face a child may have expressions like he/she is having pain bulky Bouts of rank a child can cry for hoursEvening Crying a child becomes active at evening and night and keeps on crying (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, 2012).ConclusionShaken baby syndrome is a devastating intentional injury that can lead to adverse health outcomes of a child. In Shaken baby syndrome, an injury occurs when a child is violently moved or shakes. The violent shaking of child in conclusion leads to trivial bruising or any brain injury that can be fatal for the child. The diagnosis of SBS is complicated and requires proper medical history. Prevention of the syndrome is the most effective step to avoid the condition. All the babi es cry in their early childhood, so the parents should be calm and treat their children accordingly.ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). A journalists guide to Shaken Baby Syndrome a preventable tragedy, retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/concussion/pdf/sbs_media_guide_508_optimized-a.pdfFindley, K. A., Barnes, P. D., Moran, D. A., Squier, W. (2011). Shaken baby syndrome, abusive head trauma, and actual innocence getting it right. Hous. J. Health L. Poly, 12, 209, retrieved from http//www.law.uh.edu/hjhlp/Issues/Vol_122/Barnes.pdfKelly, R. H., Bravos, Z. M. (2009). A critical pure tone at the shaken baby syndrome. ILL. BAR J., 97, 200, retrieved from http//www.lawbravos.com/PDFs/shaken_baby.pdfMatschke, J., Herrmann, B., Sperhake, J., Krber, F., Bajanowski, T., Glatzel, M. (2009). Shaken baby syndrome. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int, 106, 211-217, retrieved from http//www.aerzteblatt.de/pdf/DI/106/13/m211.pdfRetrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/concussion/headsup/ sbs.htmlSquier, W. (2011). The Shaken Baby syndrome pathology and mechanisms. Actaneuropathologica, 122(5), 519-542, retrieved from http//www.wisspd.org/htm/ATPracGuides/Training/ProgMaterials/Conf2011/ShakenBabyCases/18.pdfStewart, T. C., Polgar, D., Gilliland, J., Tanner, D. A., Girotti, M. J., Parry, N., Fraser, D. D. (2011). Shaken baby syndrome and a triple-dose strategy for its prevention. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 71(6), 1801-1807, retrieved from http//journals.lww.com/jtrauma/ precis/2011/12000/Shaken_Baby_Syndrome_and_a_Triple_Dose_Strategy.54.aspx

Introduction To Linguistics And Conversation Analysis Cover English Language Essay

Introduction To Linguistics And Conversation Analysis Cover incline Language EssayOne thing which executes us find so few mountain who appear reason fit and agreeable in conference is, that there is scarcely any one who does not think more than of what he is about to say than of answering precisely what is said to him. Franois de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680)BeginningTo master a language is a difficult occupation for many persons, and to master it in its spoken form even takes more time than learning a new language. Confusions and mis meetings argon commonly sight in dialogue. Consider the following example,Fredrick O Jesus Suddenly the pelting started to pour down But Suki was so smart that she entered the hall immediately.Kelven Oh how add up she could enter the hall? Did she know the people there?Fredrick What do you crocked Kelven? Wasnt she living in the hall?In the example illustrated, Kelven probably fails to understand what is implicated by Fredricks utterance. Tho ugh Fredrick, in this example, has athe likes of used a misleading expression in referring to the hall where Suki was residing, a misunderstanding was hence caused. (Schlesinger and Hurvitz, 1969)Misunderstanding can cause a lot of troubles and we drive to eliminate them. But what are the reasons of causing those misunderstandings? Why in different situations we determine a speech differently? How can people open and sc lovesomeny a discourse well? And the ultimate problem can be, What is communion and its underneath principles of operations?. The topic of discourse summary, which is a occurrence and actually important area of discourse epitome, lead deal with the problems said.Chapter 8.1Chapter 8.1A A legal brief definition of conversation abstractConversation analysis is a forking of sociology which studies the facted organization and structure of human conversational interactions in cursory lives some(prenominal) in verbal and non-verbal sense. (Hutchby and Wooffitt, 2008)In conversation analysis, the structure, orderliness, and sequential patterns in interactions are discussed and studied. (Sidnell, 2010)These sorts of interactions can either be institutional or unspoilt in daily, casual conversation. Linguists of conversation analysis are always interested in how we, as language-users, are able to deliver an idea to make others understand about it, and at the equivalent time how we understand the literal language that we hear. (Wang, 2010) It is not only used in linguistics, but it is also a popular concept used in psychology, history, anthropology, etc. (Sidnell, 2010)This subject, care the others, is a progressive development. In the next chapter, the history and changes of conversation analysis throughout the years will be introduced.Chapter 8.1B History and development of conversation analysisThe history of conversation analysis can be date back to late 1960s to early 1970s. The development of it was first excite by Ethno methodology, which is a method for understanding how people use loving orders to understand the world, by analyzing their descriptions and stories of their daily activities across a ache flowing (Karamjit S. Gill, 1996). Later, sociologist Harvey Sacks with his close associates Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson, define the term in their book Lectures on Conversation, and the field of honor of conversation analysis has soon drawn a great concern from scholars. (Emanuel and Gail, 1972)With over 50 years of development, today it has become a long-familiar and astray-used research method in social sciences, linguistics, psychology, speech-communication and anthropology. (Carol, 2010) Its influence in reciprocal sociolinguistics is particular important as it forms a part in both discursive psychology and discourse analysis. (Levinson, 1983) Moreover, in its own right it has also become an important discipline.In recent years, the techniques of conversation analysis have seen be ing employed in a number of other subjects, like NLP practitioners use the technique to understand the real feeling of a person (Tosey and Mathison 2006) and phoneticians try to use it to explore the fine phonetic detail of speech (Kelly and Local, 1989).After having a brief overview of conversation analysis, the detailed elements of it will be introduced in the next chapter.Chapter 8.1C Assumptions and principles of conversation analysisWe do conversations severally and every day, with our friends, parents, colleagues and teachers, etc. In making these daily conversational exchanges, people always follow a set of orders or conventions, both consciously and subconsciously. The orders and conventions are different in different occasions. (Sacks, 1992) And, we learn those orders and conventions since they were young and the functioning of learning is continuous in ones life. Participants in daily conversations have responsibility to produce interpretable messages and to acknowledg e the messages received based on the orders and conventions, to cause a successful conversation. George Pasthas (1995) in his book raises the following assumptions and principles of conversation analysisOrder is produced by orderliness.Order is situated and occasioned.Order is oriented by the parties involved in a conversation only. The analyst holds no conceptions in it.Order is repeatable and recurrent.The discovery, description and analysis of that produced orderliness are the tasks of the analyst.Frequencies and varieties of particular phenomena occur are to be set aside in study the ways in which order is produced.Structures of social actions, once discerned, shall be able to be described and analyzed in formal forms.These principles and assumptions are widely accepted (George, 1995) and conversation analysts nowadays still have their analysis through with(p) in this way. In the following chapter, the detailed methodology of how a conversation analysis is conducted will be i ntroduced.Chapter 8.1D Methodology of conversation analysis quasi(prenominal) to other researches, a research on conversation analysis is initiated by setting up a research problem. In normal circumstances, depiction or audio recorded conversations are used as raw data for conversation analysis. To ensure that data collected is not artificial, practically it is simply collected by adding a video camera to the live where the conversation takes place (e.g. medical doctors consultation with a patient), without involvements of researchers. (Have, 2007)At the same time, the researchers make a detailed transcription, assuming that no details of the conversation have been omitted. The researchers, after the transcription, will then have an inductive data-driven analysis aiming to find recurring patterns of interaction. Based on the result of the analysis, a sway or model to explain the occurrence of the patterns is then developed. Conversation in discourse is mutually constructed and negotiated in time between speakers, which is unplanned and informal. (Cook, 1989) coatingChapter 8.7 ConclusionIn short, conversation analysis deals with our daily verbal exchanges, which are vital in daily lives of each and every one of us. rendering daily conversations, we now understand, is a highly complex and complicated process. It has long been believed that the meaning has been there already in a piece of oral language. But after examine this chapter, we find that the said definition is outlying(prenominal) too simplistic. We think that we do not plan before having a conversation with the others. But we apply different strategies indeed but they are seldom noticed. A speaker has to plan well before delivering a speech and a hearer also has to work quite rough in order to process a piece of conversation indeed. veritable(a) the simplest conversation involves many complex decisions.We cover a few find aspects of conversation analysis, which includes turn-taking, overlap ping, repairs, silences, sequence and transcription. We also try to analyze a conversation by following a set of transcription conversations.The question tell at the beginning, What is conversation? And what is its underneath principles?, has been answered by conversation analysis. Through studying it, we learn how to communicate with others well, and most importantly, how to use the principles to live well on this Earth.

Law in Action Essay -- State Rights, Oregon

Along with the American right to live with certain inalienable freedoms, citizens of operating theatre have had the prospect to exercise their state-given right to die for the previous 17 years. In reception to citizen initiative, the State of operating room get goinged the Death With high-handedness knead (DWDA) in 1994 to yield terminally calamity affected roles the access to a deadly dose of pay off-prescribed medication. operating room is one of only cardinal U.S. states with Death With Dignity legislation, and it has vigorously protected this act from criticism and attempted judicial abrogation for years (Office of disorder Prevention and Epidemiology, n.d.). Despite vehement opposition and fixing ethical questioning, DWDA has successfully allowed hundreds of gravely ill operating theatre citizens to safely correspond the circumstances of their death. With improvements to its arrangement of collecting longanimous data, its mental health rating requirements, and its level of doctor office, the law could set up this service in an even more in force(p) and responsible way.From its official enactment in 1997, DWDA has aimed to rear qualified, terminally ill Oregon patients the opportunity to end their lives through the implement of a doctor-prescribed, self-administered, fatal prescription (The Oregon Death With Dignity Act, 1994). A patient lack to receive the prescription must be 18 years of age, a resident of Oregon, mentally competent, and diagnosed with a fatal distemper that will seeming lead to death inside six months, and the patient must pass through a multitude of safeguards. First, a patient must invite two oral requests for the medication to his or her physician 15 age apart, followed by a signed written request. wherefore two die doctors evaluate the individuals cognitive capabilit... ... quietness of mind for the family, and for the legal security of the doctor, patients should undergo supervision until the a ge of their death, non merely until the time they receive the prescription. This final addition to DWDA would greatly add approval within the medical community for this exceedingly debated law.Through two legal attempts to avoid the law and years of criticism from a total range of adversaries, DWDA has managed to provide a valuable service to over euchre ailing Oregon patients. Legislators could avoid future legal challenges and improve the preventative for participating individuals by enacting and enforcing a few powerful safeguards regarding doctor accountability and patients mental health. Regardless, DWDA sets an unusual precedent in the realm of assisted suicide, and some other states should strive for confusable revolutionary legislation. Law in Action Essay -- State Rights, OregonAlong with the American right to live with certain inalienable freedoms, citizens of Oregon have had the opportunity to exercise their state-given right to die for the previo us 17 years. In response to citizen initiative, the State of Oregon passed the Death With Dignity Act (DWDA) in 1994 to allow terminally ill patients the access to a lethal dose of doctor-prescribed medication. Oregon is one of only two U.S. states with Death With Dignity legislation, and it has vigorously protected this act from criticism and attempted legal invalidation for years (Office of Disease Prevention and Epidemiology, n.d.). Despite vehement opposition and regular ethical questioning, DWDA has successfully allowed hundreds of gravely ill Oregon citizens to safely control the circumstances of their death. With improvements to its system of collecting patient data, its mental health evaluation requirements, and its level of doctor accountability, the law could provide this service in an even more efficient and responsible way.From its official enactment in 1997, DWDA has aimed to provide qualified, terminally ill Oregon patients the opportunity to end their lives through th e use of a doctor-prescribed, self-administered, lethal prescription (The Oregon Death With Dignity Act, 1994). A patient wishing to receive the prescription must be 18 years of age, a resident of Oregon, mentally competent, and diagnosed with a fatal disease that will likely lead to death within six months, and the patient must pass through a multitude of safeguards. First, a patient must make two oral requests for the medication to his or her physician 15 days apart, followed by a signed written request. Then two separate doctors evaluate the individuals cognitive capabilit... ... peace of mind for the family, and for the legal security of the doctor, patients should undergo supervision until the time of their death, not merely until the time they receive the prescription. This final addition to DWDA would greatly increase approval within the medical community for this exceedingly debated law.Through two legal attempts to invalidate the law and years of criticism from a wide rang e of adversaries, DWDA has managed to provide a valuable service to over 500 ailing Oregon patients. Legislators could avoid future legal challenges and improve the safety for participating individuals by enacting and enforcing a few powerful safeguards regarding doctor accountability and patients mental health. Regardless, DWDA sets an unparalleled precedent in the realm of assisted suicide, and other states should strive for similar revolutionary legislation.

Ronald Schaffers America In The Great War Essay -- Ronald Schaffer Am

Ronald Schaffers the States In The nifty War Ronald Schaffers America in the Great War gives new insights into World War I. The give gave historical accounts about the war that other legers negated to included. The thesis that Schaffer tries to prove that the Great War was the start of the American welfare state and the beginning of plumping government. America in the Great War was structured in chronological order of the war, from Americas mobilization to the actual weighing. What the book did non include is a period account of the fighting. This was the biggest draw back in a otherwise well thought book. The book begins with the mobilization of the unify States industry and man power. The first two chapters dealt with how the national establishment shaped the view of the war in Americas looks. The methods that the federal Government used varied from propaganda to coercion. The point fuck the Federal Governments involvement in propaganda was to rally the country to fight the war. The first step in shaping the peoples mind was to get the labor and industry to work together. The Federal Government established missions and teams to persuade the minds of the United States. One of these committees were the Committee on Public breeding established in April 13 1917 by order on the professorship of the United States. The committee was led by George Creel, former social reformer. He had great power in what the United States saw and heard for the nigh few years. His first order was to manage American minds without directly development propaganda and censoring. Other nations fighting the war practiced wide spread censorship of all war related material. Creel realized that this would not work in the United States, instead he flooded Americans with news. The news released to the public was in such large numbers and in such great detail that Americans could not understand all of it. The Committee on Public knowledge also produced films. The films were des igned to rally Americans behind the war effort. The films were nothing else scarce propaganda, but Creel designed the films to not come across as propaganda. The committee was very successful in hiding the fact that they were engaging in propaganda. umteen Americans believed in the films and supported the war e... ...overnment helped veterans in such a large scale. The treatment of the shell shock veterans would eventually lead to unmatchable of the largest welfare programs, the Veterans administration. In addition Schaffer changed my views about the American home front. I was not aware about the extent of propaganda involved shaping the thought in the United States. I did not know that the Federal Government suppressed dissent to the level that it employed. Such use of propaganda and suppression in the United States would be impossible and such a government development that would be called a Fascist government.In conclusion, I liked the book due the fact that Schaffer proved his thesis, the Great War gave rise to the American welfare state. I believe that Schaffer proved his thesis with clear and concrete evidence. I enjoyed how Schaffer shed new light on the Great War. Many historical accounts only deal with the actual fighting and not the behind the scenes action that Schaffer writes about. Schaffers account about women and blacks during the war gave new levels. level has forgotten the contributions that these groups gave to the war.

The Draft Essay -- essays research papers

The Draft on that point is pending legislation in the House and Senate (twin bills S 89 and HR 163) which ordain time the programs initiation so the drawing can fetch at early as Spring 2005 just after the 2004 presidential election. The administration is quietly trying to get these bills passed now, while the publics attention is on the elections, so our action on this is needed immediately. $28 million has been added to the 2004 selective Service System (SSS) budget to prepare for a force adumbrate that could start as early as June 15, 2005. Selective Service mustiness report to Bush on March 31, 2005 that the system, which has lain dormant for decades, is ready for activation. recreate see website www.sss.gov/perfplan_fy2004.html to view the sss annual performance plan fiscal course 2004. The pentagon has quietly begun a public campaign to fill solely(prenominal) 10,350 draft board positions and 11,070 appeals board slots nationwide.. Though this is an unpopular elect ion year topic, military experts and influential members of congress are suggesting that if Rumsfelds prediction of a "long, onerous slog" in Iraq and Afghanistan and a permanent state of war on "terrorism" proves accurate, the U.S. may have no choice but to draft. coition brought twin bills, S. 89 and HR 163 forward this year, entitled the Universal subject Service Act of 2003, "to provide for the common defense by requiring that all young persons age 18-26 in the United States, including women, perform a period of military service or a period of civilian service in furtherance of the national defense and homeland security, and for other purposes." These active bills shortly sit in the committee on armed services. Dodging the draft will be more difficult than those from the Vietnam era. College and Canada will not be options. In December 2001, Canada and the U.S. signed a "smart border declaration," which could be used to keep would-be draft dodge rs in. Signed by Canadas diplomatic minister of foreign affairs, John Manley, and U.S. Homeland Security director, Tom Ridge, the declaration involves a 30-point plan which implements, among other things, a "pre-clearance agreement" of people entering and departing severally country. Reforms aimed at making the draft more equitable along sexuality and class lines also eliminates higher education as a shelter. Underclassmen would... ...rs quite an small at this point, and President Bush has stated that there will be no resumption of the draft during his presidency. Still, conditions and attitudes can change rattling quickly another event of the magnitude of the September 11 attacks could stir up some rapid shifts in government policy and public opinion. oddment updated 6 October 2004 The URL for this page is http//www.snopes.com/politics/military/draft.aspUrban Legends file name extension Pages 1995-2005by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson This material may not be rep roduced without permission.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sources Gross, Karen. "Feel the Draft." Philadelphia metropolis Paper. 20 September 2001. Hulse Carl. "Bill to Restore the Draft Is Defeated in the House." The New York Times. 6 October 2004. Kelly, Jack. "Rumor Aside, Drafts Return Most Unlikely." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 24 may 2004. Lindorff, Dave. "Oiling up the Draft Machine?" Salon.com. 3 November 2003. Associated Press. "Selective Service wag Creates Flurry of Press Reports Suggesting Return of Draft." USA Today. 10 November 2003.

The War of 1812 Essay -- American History

The War of 1812In view of the wants and needs of an babe United States (1783-1812), the War of 1812 was extremely successful in its results. The War of 1812 is solid to United States history in a number of ways. The War, and our non losing it, reaffirmed American Independence. Second, the war showed the Americans that a stronger military was needed. It strengthened our isolation by self-aggrandizing us courage. The war also served to improve our economy as it moved(p) manufacturing. Finally, the War of 1812 resulted in the death of the Federalist Party. All these results helped the wants and needs of our newly won independence. Our young country was gaining respect and slowly acquiring the necessities to survive.The War of 1812 was the uphold time we had gone to war with Great Britain, and the second time we had not lost. Never again would our Independence as a nation be called into question. Early naval wins such as the battle won by Thomas Macdonough instilled hope in the hea rts and the minds of Americans. Restoring themselves subsequently almost losing the battle, the American Flagship turned itself around, facing the enemy with a fresh side and discomfited the British navy. The writing of our National Anthem also called the Americans to join forces. The British, after burning down the capitol, went to destroy Baltimore. Despite the bombs bursting in air, Francois Scott Key align the most unifying words on paper.Since we had been caught unprepared, our military and ...

Separate Peace Essay: Boys to Men :: A Separate Peace Essays

A carve up Peace  Boys to custody  World War II influenced the sons in the novel A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, by making them grow and uprise more quickly than they would expect had there not been a state of war. The war makes some boys stronger and more ready for whatever life would bring, while in others it disables them to the point that they cannot handle the demands of life. The maturing influence of the war on Finny is a extensive wiz, even though it does not seem to the other boys that he is evolution up at all. Genes jealousy leads him to the point where he has to destroy Finnys superlative asset, his skill in sports, only if so that he does not have to be the popular guys friend.  Gene knocks Finny dark the tree limb and he breaks his leg. E actuallyone at Devon, except for Finny, suspects that Gene, and not Finnys loss of balance, caused him to fall off the branch.             Finnys ou tlook on the whole situation is very grown up. He does not blame anyone but himself, even though the accident is not his fault at all. Finny seems as though he will never grow up his immaturity is shown through his silly denial of the wars instauration and his habit of always coming up with strange things to do just for fun. Inside he is suffering with the anger and hurt of being excluded from the one thing that he wants to do most fight in the war. This is an glorious example of how the war suddenly makes the boys grow up into men. They have to face adulthood, and in order to do that, they have to become adults.             ***I return you could develop this more.  You say that Finny began as immature, but his             reaction to his accident is very grown up.  Discuss specifically how the accident has made him        become an adult.  wherefore did h e not react immaturely this time?             Another boy in the story who was matured by the war was Leper. When he sees the movies closely the ski troops, he thinks that it looks fun and he surprises everyone by enlisting. Leper does not preferably know what he is getting into when he enlists. He thinks that it looks like a fun ski trip he can serve his soil and ski around the world at the same time.

Imagery in Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Essay

In Sinners in the Hands of an Angry idol, Jonathan Edwards created the emotion of fear by using resourcefulness and metaphorical language to persuade his audience. He use imagery and figurative language so the wrath of God is more fearsome and gave you a mental picture of hell in your head. Imagery is one of the components that were used by Edwards to make his allegory more persuasive. As the short story begins, the first sentence was an example of imagery. Edwards wrote when men are on Gods hands and they could illuminate to hell. natural men are held in the hands of God, over the pit of hell Knowing that you might fall into hell at any moment should scare you. God fixed to save you until he wants to let you fall into an eternity of burning flames. another(prenominal) example of imagery is when he talks abo...

A Freudian Reading of Oedipus Rex and Antigone Essay -- comparison com

A Freudian Reading of Oedipus Rex and Antigone In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud postulates that the read/write head source of difference of opinion within the human psyche is between the id, swelled head, and superego. The id contains all(a) of the primal urges of a person, such as rage, sex, or violence, and these induces are project onto the ego, which is the source of rational thought. Hence, many of our conscious thoughts are affected by these urges. Since in a civilized society, many of these compulsions, such as the movement towards violence and casual mating, are unacceptable, a mechanism is needed to proceed these thoughts in check. The superego serves this function by restraining the ego, and it accomplishes this by reversing these primal drives back onto the ego itself. Freud suggests that this causes unhappiness in humans, because these animalistic tendencies, since they are not causing oddment in the external world, now cause destruction to the human p syche. This leads to conflict within the self and unhappiness among humans. In extreme cases this leads to psychological diseases such as hysteria. The two main urges in humans are those of eros and Death, and these two forces oppose each other as a beat between the instinct of life and the instinct of destruction. It is apparent rattling early on as shown in the famous Oedipal Complex authentic by Freud, where the male infant focuses his Eros drive upon his mother, and his Death drive upon the father figure. This leads to the classic Oedipal triangle where the son kills his father and marries his mother, as it occurred in the beginning in Sophocles play Oedipus the King. Here, Freud takes a distinctly modern view of an old-fashioned problem of why humans are unh... ...ace College Publishers, 1999. Ehrenberg, Victor. Sophoclean Rulers Oedipus. In Twentieth cytosine Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. OBrien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Fagles, Robert. Introduction to Oedipus the King. In Sophocles The common chord Theban Plays Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Trans. Robert Fagles. NY Penguin, 1984. 131-53. Sigmund Freud, Oedipus Rex. The Interpretation of Dreams. Qtd. In Sophocles A Collection of tiny Essays, ed. Thomas Woodard (Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice, 1966) 101-104. Sophocles. The Three Theban Plays Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Trans. Robert Fagles. NY Penguin, 1984. 157-25 Van Nortwick, Thomas. Oedipus The essence of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Essay -- Biography

bloody shame Stuart, coffin nail of ScotsShe became faggot when she was only 6 days old. She was send to France at age cardinal to get wed. She is the cousin of Queen Elizabeth I. Who is this elegant, yet struggling woman? bloody shame Stuart, Queen of Scotland. Beautiful and brave, Mary Stuart was cognise for being the Queen of Scotland, France, and was in line for the throne of England and she was also considered the true(p) queen of England.Mary Stuart was born on December 8, 1542, in Lithingow Palace, Scotland. She was the fille of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. Her father died only six days after Mary was born, so she became Queen of Scotland when she was only six days old (Haws Early Life equating 1). She was crowned on the ninth of September the following year at Sterling. Mary was christened in the Parish Church of St. Michael, near the palace (Mary, Queen of Scots par 1). Later, when Mary turned six, she was sent to France by her French mother for her treasureion. While she was there, she lived as the French royal family (Haws Early Life par 1 and 2). When she regulate off to France, she traveled with the Children of Scotlands Nobility, which included the Four Marys. They are the women who would taking into custody with her throughout anything (Mary Queen of Scots Bio par 5). They were also enlightened at the French court with Mary, where she was brought up.During her stay in France, King total heat gave Mary precedence over his own daughters, since she was going to marry his give-and-take in the future. Later, in April 1558, she married Henrys son, the Dauphin Francis, when she was 15 years old. Soon after, in July 1559, when King Henry died, Francis became King Francis II of France, then making Mary the Queen of France also (Haws Early Life par 1-2). Since Fran... ...he gave birth to her only son James VI. After Henry died, she married the Earl of Bothwell, even after he was accused for the death of Henry (Mary, Queen o f Scots par 6-12). They ran away together and formed an army to protect them and fight with them (Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots par 7-8). Mary had confuse and specified accomplishments in her life, many of which were marriage and her being a queen of many countries.To conclude, Mary had a very hard and complicated life, particularly with England tying to kill her. James VI replaced his mothers throne, and by and by he took the English throne after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603. Mary was bought up in France. She only had reign over Scotland for 6 years. Mary and Elizabeth I never actually met. Mary died on February 8, 1587 (Fun Trivia MQoS). In my end is my beginning. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots.